What Are Germs?
The term "germs" refers to the microscopic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa
that can cause disease.
Washing hands well and
often is the best way to prevent
germs from leading to infections and sickness.
What Are the Types of Germs?
Bacteria
Bacteria (bak-TEER-ee-uh) are tiny, single-celled organisms that get nutrients
from their environments. In some cases, that environment is your child or some other
living being.
Some bacteria are good for our bodies — they help keep the digestive
system in working order and keep harmful bacteria from moving in. Some bacteria
are used to make medicines and vaccines.
But bacteria can cause trouble too, as with cavities,
urinary tract infections, ear infections, or strep
throat. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.
Viruses
Viruses are even smaller than bacteria. They aren't even a full cell. They are
simply genetic material (DNA or RNA) packaged inside of a protein coating. They need
to use another cell's structures to reproduce. This means they can't survive unless
they're living inside something else (such as a person, animal, or plant).
Viruses can only live for a very short time outside other living cells. For example,
viruses in infected body fluids left on surfaces like a doorknob or toilet seat can
live there for a short time. They'll die quickly unless a live host comes along.
When they've moved into someone's body, though, viruses spread easily and can make
a person sick. Viruses cause minor sicknesses like colds,
common illnesses like the flu, and
very serious diseases like smallpox or HIV/AIDS.
Antibiotics are not effective against viruses. Antiviral medicines have been developed
against a small, select group of viruses.
Fungi
Fungi (FUN-guy) are multicelled, plant-like organisms. A fungus gets nutrition
from plants, food, and animals in damp, warm environments.
Many fungal infections, such as athlete's
foot and yeast infections,
are not dangerous in a healthy person. People with weak immune
systems (from diseases like HIV or cancer), though, may get more serious fungal
infections.
Protozoa
Protozoa (pro-toe-ZO-uh) are one-celled organisms, like bacteria. But they are
bigger than bacteria and contain a nucleus and other cell structures, making them
more like plant and animal cells.
Protozoa love moisture. So intestinal infections and other diseases they cause,
like amebiasis and giardiasis, often spread through
contaminated water. Some protozoa are parasites. This means they need to live on or
in another organism (like an animal or plant) to survive. For example, the protozoa
that causes malaria grows inside
red blood cells, eventually destroying them. Some protozoa are encapsulated in cysts,
which help them live outside the human body and in harsh environments for long periods
of time.
Date reviewed: March 2020