Knee Injuries

The knee is a joint that joins the thighbone (femur) to the top of the shinbone (tibia). It’s made up of bones; muscles; and tissues called , ligaments, and tendons. These parts work together to let the legs bend, straighten, and turn. A knee injury can damage one or more parts of the knee.

What Causes Knee Injuries?

Kids and teens may hurt a knee in a fall or accident. Others get overuse knee injuries. These happen when someone trains too much for a sport or makes the same motions over and over with the knee.

Common knee injuries in kids and teens include:

• sprains: when a ligament stretches or tears, like with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) or medial collateral ligament (MCL) tear
• strains: when a muscle or tendon stretches too far
• tendonitis:inflammation of a tendon that’s often from overuse, like with jumper's knee
• meniscal tears: when the cartilage between the upper and lower leg bones (the menisci) tears
• fractures: when a bone breaks
• dislocation of the patella (kneecap): when the kneecap slides out of place
• Osgood-Schlatter disease: inflammation of the tendon that connects the kneecap to the shinbone
• osteochondritis dissecans (oss-tee-oh-kon-DRITE-iss DISS-ih-kanz): when a small piece of bone in the knee loses blood supply and breaks off
• bursitis: swelling of one of the fluid-filled sacs that cushion the knee

What Are the Signs & Symptoms of a Knee Injury?

Signs and symptoms of a knee injury depend on the cause. Most kids and teens with knee injuries have pain. The knee may also feel weak or like it’s "giving way" or "locking." They might not be able to fully bend or straighten the knee, which also might be swollen or bruised.

How Are Knee Injuries Diagnosed?

To diagnose a knee injury, doctors ask how it happened and what symptoms it's causing. They'll also do an exam where they press on the knee and legs and move them in certain ways. This can help show what part of the knee is hurt.

They might order imaging tests, like an X-ray to check for injuries to the bones, or a CT scan or an MRI to look inside the knee.

How Are Knee Injuries Treated?

Treatment for a knee injury depends on the cause. Follow your doctor’s instructions for what activities are OK. If an activity causes pain, your child should stop, then try it later on or the next day.

If your doctor says it’s OK, you can give your child acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain. Follow the label directions for how much to give and how often.

To help with swelling in the first day or two after the injury, you can:

• Put ice in a towel on the knee for about 20 minutes every 1 to 2 hours.
• Wrap an elastic bandage around the knee or use a compression sleeve.
• Raise the knee above the level of the heart.

Some kids and teens with a knee injury may need physical therapy or surgery.

Can Knee Injuries Be Prevented?

To help prevent knee injuries, make sure kids wear the right protective equipment for sports (like knee pads and shin guards). They also need supportive athletic shoes that are in good condition.

Explain how to move safely. When jumping, kids should bend their knees while landing. And when changing directions or turning quickly (as in soccer), they can try crouching and bending at the knees and hips. This helps protect against an ACL injury.

Remind them to warm up before a workout and cool down after it. They can also do regular strength training to support muscles, and stretching or yoga to be more flexible.

Finally, encourage kids to stay active year-round, even if they’re not playing an organized sport. This can help keep their knees and the rest of them in shape.

What Else Should I Know?

If your child's knee hurts, it’s important to find out why. Take your child to a doctor to find out the cause and get treatment.