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A

aerobic (air-OH-bik) activity: Aerobic activity is any kind of movement that makes the muscles use oxygen and gets the heart pumping. Swimming, dancing, and soccer are all types of aerobic activity.

anesthesia (ah-nes-THEE-zhuh): Medicine that causes sleepiness and prevents pain during surgery.

angina (an-JY-nuh): People with angina feel a pain in the chest that means the heart isn't getting enough oxygen.

angioplasty (AN-jee-uh-plas-tee): This operation opens a blocked blood vessel by using a balloon-like device at an artery's narrowest point. The surgeon also may insert a stent, which is a tiny tube that props the vessel open and makes sure that blood can flow freely through it.

aorta (ay-OR-tah): The aorta is the major blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.

aortic stenosis (ay-OR-tik steh-NOH-sis): This is when the aortic valve is stiffened and has a narrowed opening (stenosis). It does not open properly, which increases strain on the heart because the left ventricle has to pump harder to send blood out to the body.

aorticvalve: The aortic valve is one of two valves that control the flow of blood as it leaves the heart. (The other is the pulmonary valve.) These valves work to keep the blood flowing forward. They open up to let the blood move ahead, then close quickly to keep the blood from flowing backward.

arrhythmia (uh-RITH-mee-uh): An arrhythmia is an abnormal heartbeat usually caused by an electrical "short circuit" in the heart. It can cause the heart to pump too fast, too slow, or irregularly, which may lead to shortness of breath, dizziness, and chest pain.

arteriesandveins: As part of the circulatory system, these help the body send blood to and from your body parts. Arteries, which usually look red, carry blood away from the heart. Veins, which usually look blue, return blood to the heart.

arteriosclerosis (ar-TEER-ee-oh-skluh-ROH-sus): Also called hardening of the arteries, arteriosclerosis means the arteries become thickened and less flexible.

atria (AY-tree-uh): The two chambers at the top of the heart are called the atria. The atria are the chambers that fill with the blood returning to the heart from the body and lungs. The heart has a left atrium and a right atrium.

atrialseptal (AY-tree-uhl SEP-tuhl) defect (ASD): ASD is a hole in the heart wall (called the septum) that separates the left atrium and the right atrium.

atrioventricular (AY-tree-oh-ven-TRIK-yoo-lar) canaldefect: This defect — also known as endocardial cushion defect or atrioventricular septal defect — is caused by a poorly formed central area of the heart. Typically, there is a large hole between the upper chambers of the heart (the atria) and, often, an additional hole between the lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles). Instead of two separate valves allowing flow into the heart, there is one large common valve that might be quite malformed.

atrium (AY-tree-uhm): The two upper chambers of the heart are called the atria. They are the chambers that fill with the blood returning to the heart from the body and lungs. The heart has a left atrium and a right atrium.

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B

bacterial endocarditis (bak-TEER-ee-ul en-doh-kar-DYE-tus): This infection in the heart happens when bacteria travel through the blood and get stuck on a heart valve. People with congenital heart disease or heart valve problems are most at risk of getting bacterial endocarditis.

Blalock-Taussig-Thomas (BTT) shunt: A Blalock-Taussig-Thomas (BTT) shunt is a small, soft tube that lets blood in the body be redirected. Heart surgeons use BTT shunts to connect the subclavian artery (a smaller artery that comes off of the aorta) to the pulmonary artery. This helps increase blood flow to the lungs.

blood pressure: This is a measurement that tells how hard the heart is pumping to move blood through the blood vessels. Blood pressure can be too high or too low.

blood vessels: Blood moves through many tubes called arteries and veins, which together are called blood vessels. The blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries. The ones that carry blood back to the heart are called veins.

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C

capillary (KAP-ih-lair-ee): A capillary is an extremely small, thin blood vessel that allows oxygen to pass from the blood into the tissues of the body. Waste products like carbon dioxide pass from the tissues to the blood through the capillaries.

cardiac catheterization (KAR-dee-ak ka-thuh-ter-uh-ZAY-shun): A cardiac catheterization is a medical procedure that provides information about the heart structures and function. Doctors can measure pressure and blood oxygen levels within the heart chambers.

cardiologist (kar-dee-AHL-uh-jist): This doctor specializes in diagnosing and treating heart conditions, like heart murmurs and high blood pressure. A pediatric cardiologist cares for babies, children, and teens with heart problems.

cardiovascular (kar-dee-oh-VAS-kyuh-ler) disease: Cardiovascular disease is a group of problems that occur when the heart and blood vessels aren't working properly.

cardiovascularsystem: The heart and circulatory system (also called the cardiovascular system) make up the network that delivers blood to the body's tissues. With each heartbeat, blood is sent throughout our bodies, carrying oxygen and nutrients to all of our cells. The cardiovascular system is composed of the heart and blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries.

carotid (kuh-RAH-tid) artery: The carotid arteries are the two large blood vessels in the neck that supply blood to the brain.

catheter (KA-thuh-ter): A catheter is a thin, flexible tube. It can be inserted into a blood vessel in the leg, arm, or neck and threaded to the heart during a cardiac catheterization.

catheterization (ka-thuh-tur-uh-ZAY-shun): In this procedure, a long, thin tube is inserted into the patient's body to inject a special dye, which can show narrowed areas in arteries due to plaque buildup and find other heart problems.

chambers: The heart has four different sections, or chambers. These chambers are connected to each other by valves that control how much blood enters each chamber at any one time.

circulation (ser-kyuh-LAY-shun): The movement of the blood through the heart and around the body is called circulation. The heart takes less than 60 seconds to pump blood to every cell in your body.

circulatory (SER-kyuh-luh-tor-ee) system: The circulatory system is composed of the heart and blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries. Our bodies actually have two circulatory systems: The pulmonary circulation is a short loop from the heart to the lungs and back again, and the systemic circulation (the system we usually think of as our circulatory system) sends blood from the heart to all the other parts of our bodies and back again.

coarctation (coh-ark-TAY-shun) of the aorta (COA): Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of a portion of the aorta, and often seriously decreases the blood flow from the heart out to the lower portion of the body.

congenital (kuhn-JEN-ih-tuhl) heart defects: Congenital heart defects are abnormalities in the heart's structure that are present at birth. They happen because of incomplete or abnormal development of the fetus' heart during the very early weeks of pregnancy. Some are known to be associated with genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, but the cause of most congenital heart defects is unknown. While they can't be prevented, there are many treatments for the defects and related health problems.

contraction (kuhn-TRAK-shun): You'll know that you've found your pulse when you can feel a small beat under your skin. Each beat is caused by the contraction (squeezing) of your heart.

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E

echocardiogram (eh-ko-KAR-dee-uh-gram): An echocardiogram test uses sound waves to diagnose heart problems. These waves are bounced off the parts of the heart, creating a picture of the heart that is displayed on a monitor.

electrocardiogram (eh-lek-tro-KAR-dee-uh-gram): An electrocardiogram (also called an EKG or ECG) test records the heart's electrical activity. Sticky pads (electrodes) are placed on the chest and hooked up to a machine that records the heart activity onto paper or a monitor. A doctor can interpret the EKG to see the heart beating and determine if it's normal.

endocarditis (en-doh-kar-DYE-tis): An infection of the inner lining of the heart and heart valves.

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H

heart: The heart is a strong muscle about the size of your fist. It pumps blood through blood vessels around the body and sits inside the chest, protected by the ribcage. The blood carries oxygen and other nutrients your body needs.

heart and circulatory system: The heart and circulatory system (also called the cardiovascular system) make up the network that delivers blood to the body's tissues. With each heartbeat, blood is sent throughout our bodies, carrying oxygen and nutrients to all of our cells. The circulatory system is composed of the heart and blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries.

heart attack: A heart attack happens when a blood clot or other blockage cuts blood flow to a part of the heart.

heart murmur: You know the sound of your heartbeat: lub-dub, lub-dub. In some people, there's an extra noise that the blood makes as it flows through the heart. This sound is called a murmur. They're commonly heard in healthy kids with normal hearts, but an abnormal heart murmur can mean a person has a heart defect or heart valve problem.

hypertension: Another word for high blood pressure.

hypoplastic (hi-poh-PLAS-tik) left heart syndrome: When the structures of the left side of the heart (the left ventricle, the mitral valve, and the aortic valve) are underdeveloped, they're unable to pump blood adequately to the entire body. This condition is usually diagnosed within the first few days of life.

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inferior vena cava (VEE-nuh KAY-vuh): the large vein that returns blood from the legs and abdomen to the heart.

interstage period: When a baby has hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), three surgeries are needed to fix the problems. The time between the first surgery and the second surgery is called the interstage period. During this period, careful daily monitoring of the baby's health is very important.

involuntary (in-VOL-un-tair-ee) muscles: These are muscles that we do not consciously control. They work without us even thinking about them. The heart is an involuntary muscle, which is how it keeps beating all day and night. Involuntary muscles in the stomach and intestines help us digest food.

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L

left atrium: The left atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart. It receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle through the mitral valve.

left ventricle: The left ventricle is one of the four chambers of the heart. It pumps oxygen-rich blood out to the rest of the body. Blood leaves the left ventricle through the aortic valve and enters the aorta, the largest artery in the body. Blood then flows from the aorta into the branches of many smaller arteries, providing the body's organs and tissues with the oxygen and nutrients they need.

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M

mitral (MY-truhl) valve: The mitral valve lets blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricles.

mitralvalve prolapse: In someone with mitral valve prolapse (MVP), one or both of the valve's flaps don't close smoothly and collapse (or prolapse) back into the atrium.

murmur: see heart murmur.

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O

open-heart surgery: surgery that involves opening the chest and heart. A heart–lung machine does the work for the heart and lungs during the procedure.

P

patent ductus arteriosus (DUK-tuss ar-tee-ree-OH-sis) (PDA): The ductus arteriosus (DA) is a normal blood vessel in an unborn baby that diverts blood flow away from the lungs. (The lungs are not used until a baby is born — the fetus gets oxygen directly from the mother's placenta.) The DA usually closes on its own shortly after birth because the newborn can breathe on his or her own. If the DA doesn't close, this is called patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), which can result in too much blood flow to a newborn's lungs. PDA is common in premature babies.

pediatric cardiologist: Children with heart problems are cared for by pediatric cardiologists. They treat all kinds of heart problems, from heart murmurs to high blood pressure.

pulmonary (PULL-muh-nair-ee): Pulmonary is word that means lungs or related to breathing.

pulmonary artery: A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs, where the blood picks up oxygen and then returns to the heart.

pulmonary vein: One of four veins that carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart.

pulmonary atresia (uh-TREE-zhuh): In this birth defect, the pulmonic valve does not open or is completely missing. The main blood vessel that runs between the right ventricle and the lungs also may be malformed and the right ventricle can be abnormally small.

pulmonary stenosis (steh-NOH-sis): In pulmonary stenosis, the pulmonic valve is stiffened and has a narrowed opening. It does not open properly, which increases strain on the right side of the heart because the right ventricle has to pump harder to send blood out to the lungs.

pulmonary (pulmonic) valve: One of two valves in charge of controlling the flow as the blood leaves the heart. The other one is the aortic valve. These valves all work to keep the blood flowing forward. They open up to let the blood move ahead, then they close quickly to keep the blood from flowing backward.

pulse: A beating heart creates a pulse. The heart has to push so much blood through the body that we can feel a little thump in our arteries each time the heart beats. The most common places to feel a pulse are on the wrist and the neck.

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R

red blood cells: Red blood cells carry oxygen. They float in the blood, begin their journey in the lungs, where they pick up oxygen from the air we breathe. Then they travel to the heart, which pumps out the blood, delivering oxygen to all parts of the body.

right atrium: The right atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart. After oxygen in the blood is released to the tissues, the now deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood returns to the heart through veins, the blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood. This blood, which appears blue, enters the right atrium of the heart and then travels across the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

right ventricle: The right ventricle is one of the four chambers of the heart. It pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonic valve into the lungs. The oxygen in the air we breathe binds to red blood cells that are being pumped through the lungs. The oxygen-rich blood, which appears red, then returns to the left atrium and enters the left ventricle, where it is pumped out to the body once again.

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S

Sano shunt: a small, soft tube that lets blood in the body be redirected. Heart surgeons use a Sano shunt to connect the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. This helps increase blood flow to the lungs.

septum (SEP-tum): The septum is a thick wall of muscle that divides the heart. It separates the left and right sides of the heart.

single ventricle defect: a heart usually has two working ventricles (pumping chambers). Having a single ventricle (VEN-trih-kul) means that only one of the two ventricles works well enough to pump blood.

stent: A tiny tube that props a blood vessel open and helps blood flows freely.

stethoscope (STETH-eh-skope): The instrument doctors use to hear a heartbeat and other sounds that the inside of the body makes. By listening to the heart, lungs, and belly, the doctor gets information about how things are working inside.

stress test: For this test, a person exercises (usually on a treadmill) while the doctor checks breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram to see how the heart muscle reacts.

stroke: A stroke can happen when part of the brain doesn't get enough blood due to a clot or a burst blood vessel.

superior vena cava (VEE-nuh KAY-vuh): the large vein that returns blood from the head and arms to the heart.

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T

tricuspid (try-KUS-pid) atresia: Blood normally flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. In tricuspid atresia, the valve is replaced by a plate or membrane that does not open. The right ventricle therefore does not receive blood normally and is often small.

tricuspidvalve: The tricuspid valve lets blood flow from the right atria to the right ventricle.

truncus arteriosus (TRUN-kuss ar-tee-ree-OH-sis): In an embryo, the aorta and the pulmonary artery are initially a single vessel. During normal development, that vessel splits to form the two major arteries. If that split does not occur, the child is born with a single blood vessel called the truncus arteriosus. There is usually a hole between the ventricles associated with this defect.

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V

valve: The heart has four valves. These valves ensure that blood flows properly in and out of the heart.

veins and arteries: As part of the circulatory system, these help the body send blood to and from your body parts. Arteries, which usually look red, carry blood away from the heart. Veins, which usually look blue, return blood to the heart.

ventricles (VEN-trih-kuhls): The two chambers at the bottom of the heart are called the ventricles. The heart has a left ventricle and a right ventricle. Their job is to pump the blood to the body and lungs.

ventricular (ven-TRIK-yuh-ler) septal defect (VSD): One of the most common congenital heart defects, VSD is a hole in the wall (septum) between the heart's left and right ventricles. These can happen at different locations and vary in size from very small to very large. Smaller defects may gradually close on their own.

white blood cells: White blood cells are part of the germ-fighting immune system. They are like little warriors waiting to attack invaders, such as viruses and bacteria. The body has several types of white blood cells and each has its own role in fighting off the different kinds of germs that make people sick.

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