What It Is
A thyroid peroxidase antibodies test checks the levels of antibodies made against the compound thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in the bloodstream. Thyroid peroxidase is an enzyme produced by the thyroid gland. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the neck that uses iodine to create the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), both of which help control metabolism and growth. Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system, usually to fight bacteria, viruses, and toxins that enter or contact the body.
Ordinarily, a healthy immune system doesn't make significant levels of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase, since it's not "foreign" but rather a necessary component of thyroid tissue. In autoimmune diseases, however, the immune system malfunctions, mistakenly attacking healthy organs and tissues as though they were foreign invaders. In people with a thyroid-related autoimmune condition, the blood level of TPO antibodies may rise.
Why It's Done
The thyroid peroxidase antibodies test is primarily used to help diagnose and monitor autoimmune conditions involving the thyroid gland, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves disease.
The test may be ordered when a child has symptoms of a thyroid disorder, including thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid) or goiter (an enlarged thyroid), or if tests to check thyroid gland function, such as levels of thyroid hormones or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), show abnormalities.
Pregnant women with an autoimmune thyroid disease may also undergo this test because thyroid antibodies are able to cross the placenta and cause hypo- or hyperthyroidism (underactive or overactive thyroid gland function, respectively) in babies.
Preparation
No special preparations are needed for this test. On the day of the test, it may help to have your child wear a short-sleeve shirt to allow easier access for the technician who will be drawing the blood.
The Procedure
A health professional will draw the blood from a vein after cleaning the skin surface with antiseptic and placing an elastic band (tourniquet) around the upper arm to apply pressure and cause the veins to swell with blood. A needle is inserted into a vein (usually in the arm inside of the elbow or on the back of the hand) and blood is withdrawn and collected in a vial or syringe.
After the procedure, the elastic band is removed. Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed and the area is covered with cotton or a bandage to stop the bleeding. Collecting the blood for the test will only take a few minutes. Collecting blood for this test will only take a few minutes.
What to Expect
Collecting a blood sample is only temporarily uncomfortable and can feel like a quick pinprick. Afterward, there may be some mild bruising, which should go away in a day or so.
Getting the Results
The blood sample will be processed by a machine. The results are commonly available after a few days.
Risks
The thyroid peroxidase antibodies test is considered a safe procedure. However, as with many medical tests, some problems can occur with having blood drawn:
- fainting or feeling lightheaded
- hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin causing a lump or a bruise)
- pain associated with multiple punctures to locate a vein
Helping Your Child
Having a blood test is relatively painless. Still, many kids are afraid of needles. Explaining the test in terms your child can understand might help ease some of the fear.
Allow your child to ask the technician any questions he or she might have. Tell your child to try to relax and stay still during the procedure, as tensing muscles and moving can make it harder and more painful to draw blood. It also may help for your child to look away when the needle is being inserted into the skin.
If You Have Questions
If you have questions about the thyroid peroxidase antibodies test, speak with your doctor. You can also talk to the technician before the procedure.
Reviewed by: Steve Dowshen, MD
Date reviewed: January 2009
