Taking medicines is a major part of staying healthy if you have diabetes because they help you keep your blood sugar levels under control. Having blood sugar that's out of control can make you feel lousy and can do damage to your body over the years.

Whether you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes, it's important to know what medicine to take, when to take it, and how much to take.

Insulin

Insulin is a hormone that allows sugar, or glucose, to get into the body's cells where it can be used for energy. All people with type 1 diabetes and many people with type 2 diabetes need to take insulin every day.

The overall goal of treatment with insulin (and other diabetes medicines) is to match the amount of insulin given with the amount of insulin a person needs throughout the day and night. Doing this means that blood sugar levels can be kept as close to normal as possible, which helps a person avoid both short- and long-term problems from diabetes.

The types of insulin you use and how much you need to take each day depends on your diabetes management plan. Some people with diabetes need to take two injections each day. Others may need several injections or an insulin pump to keep blood sugar levels under control. Your doctor will help you decide what's best for you.

There are several kinds of insulin, and each type of insulin can be described by its:

• onset (how long it takes to start working)
• peak (when it works the hardest to lower blood sugar)
• duration (how long it keeps working)

Insulin Table

The table outlines the types of insulin and how they work. The actual time it takes for insulin to work, when it peaks, and how long it lasts is different from person to person, and even from day to day as a person's need for insulin may change. After a while, you'll get to know how insulin works in your body.

The Importance of Timing

You can't "turn off" insulin once it's been injected — it's going to work no matter what — so you have to make sure you're using the right amount at the right time. For example, if you'll be eating later than usual because you're eating out, you might need to hold off on your insulin injection, eat a small snack at your normal mealtime, and take the insulin later.

Sticking to a meal plan from day to day and getting regular physical activity — in addition to taking your meds — will help you keep your blood sugar levels in a healthy range and will make it easier to know how much insulin to take. If you run into situations where you're not sure how to adjust your insulin dosage to account for food or exercise, ask a parent or a member of your diabetes health care team.

Although you may do everything you're supposed to, sometimes blood sugar is difficult to control. For people with diabetes, there will be times when the amount of insulin they have taken will be too much or too little for the body's needs and the blood sugar level will be too high or too low.

A common problem among people who take insulin is low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia. It can occur at any time, but is more likely in certain circumstances, such as if someone eats less or exercises more than usual. Hypoglycemia is also more likely in the first few weeks or months after a person develops type 1 diabetes.

If your blood sugar goes too low regularly, it may mean that your insulin dose or meal plan needs adjusting. If this happens, contact your diabetes health care team. They'll help you develop a plan to help keep your blood sugar levels as close to normal as possible.

Tips for Using Insulin

Insulin can't be taken as a pill because the acids and digestive juices in the stomach and intestines would destroy it before it could do its job. The only way to get insulin into the body at present is by injection with a needle or with an insulin pump.

Before giving yourself an insulin injection, always check the bottle to make sure you're using the right type of insulin and that it hasn't expired. You should also inspect the bottle to see if the insulin looks OK — for example, you should not use insulin that has particles or crystals floating in it. If you have any questions about whether the insulin is OK to use, ask a parent or your doctor about it.

Here are some guidelines on storing bottled insulin (check manufacturer's instructions for storage of insulin pens):

• Keep unopened bottles of insulin in the refrigerator. Throw away insulin if it has been frozen or is past the expiration date on the bottle.
• Opened bottles of insulin can be stored in the refrigerator or kept at room temperature.
• Avoid leaving insulin in direct sunlight or in a car on a sunny or hot day because it can become overheated. If you're going to be traveling or outdoors, store insulin as you would perishable food — but do not freeze it.
• Depending on the type of insulin, opened bottles of insulin should be discarded after 4 to 6 weeks (check manufacturer's instructions), whether they have been kept refrigerated or not.
• Never use any insulin that has expired.

Diabetes Pills

Many people with type 2 diabetes take diabetes pills — in addition to eating right and exercising — to get their blood sugar levels into a healthy range. Sometimes doctors call these pills oral medications because you put them in your mouth and swallow them.

People with type 2 diabetes have trouble using the insulin their bodies creates properly, so these pills help them use insulin more effectively. (In some cases, though, they might need to take insulin, too.) The diabetes pills help reduce the amount of glucose that appears in the bloodstream between meals and at night. It may also help some people with type 2 diabetes lose weight and help improve cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Taking diabetes pills can help keep blood sugar levels under control, but sometimes it can cause side effects such as a funny taste in your mouth, nausea or vomiting, and diarrhea. Often these symptoms go away or get a lot better after taking diabetes pills for a few weeks.

Your doctor may tell you to stop taking diabetes pills when you are sick with something like the flu. Taking alcohol with diabetes pills can also make some people sick, so it's important not to drink when you're taking this drug.

If you have any problems or feel sick after taking diabetes pills, talk to your doctor or your diabetes health care team.

Glucagon

Insulin and other diabetes medicines help to keep blood sugar levels from going too high or too low. But sometimes people with diabetes get really low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, that can make them become confused, have seizures, or pass out if it's not treated right away.

A person who has really low blood sugar probably needs a glucagon shot. Glucagon (pronounced: gloo-kuh-gon) is a hormone that helps raise blood sugar levels very quickly (in about 10 to 15 minutes after the shot).

The adults in your life — like your parents, teachers, and coaches — should know how and when to give glucagon shots (you wouldn't be able to do this yourself) or when to call 911 because of a diabetes emergency. You should also always wear a medical identification bracelet so that health care personnel and others know that you have diabetes in case of an emergency in which you might have to depend on people who don't know you for help.

Getting a grip on your diabetes medicines — when to take them, how much to take, and when to ask for help — can make managing your diabetes easier. If you have any questions about diabetes medicines, talk to your doctor or diabetes health care team.

Reviewed by: Steven Dowshen, MD
Date reviewed: March 2012