Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects the liver. Those who are infected can become lifelong carriers of the virus and may develop long-term problems such as cirrhosis (liver disease) or cancer of the liver.

Immunization Schedule

Hepatitis B vaccine usually is given as a series of three injections:

1. shortly after birth
2. at 1-2 months of age
3. at 6-18 months of age

If the mother of a newborn carries the hepatitis B virus in her blood, her baby must receive the vaccine within 12 hours after birth, along with another shot — hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) — to immediately provide protection against the virus. If a newborn's mother shows no evidence of HBV in her blood, the baby can receive the hepatitis B vaccine any time prior to leaving the hospital.

Why the Vaccine Is Recommended

The hepatitis B vaccine usually creates long-term immunity. Infants who receive the HBV series should be protected from hepatitis B infection not only throughout their childhood but also into their adult years.

Eliminating the risk of infection also decreases risk for cirrhosis of the liver, chronic liver disease, and liver cancer. Young adults and adolescents also should receive the vaccine if they did not as infants.

Possible Risks

There is a very small chance of an allergic reaction with any vaccine. Serious problems associated with receiving the HBV vaccine are rare. Problems that do occur tend to be minor, such as mild fever and soreness or redness at the injection site.

When to Delay or Avoid Immunization

The vaccine is not recommended if your child:

• is currently sick, although simple colds or other minor illnesses should not prevent immunization
• had a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of the HBV vaccine or is allergic to baker's yeast

Caring for Your Child After Immunization

The vaccine may cause mild fever and soreness or redness in the area where the shot was given. Depending on your child's age, pain and fever may be treated with acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Very young infants should not be given either medication, but for older babies or kids, check with the doctor about the appropriate medication and dose.

When to Call the Doctor

• Call if you're not sure of the recommended schedule for the hepatitis B vaccine.
• Call if you have concerns about your own HBV carrier state.
• Call if moderate or serious side effects appear after your child has received an HBV injection.

Reviewed by: Elana Pearl Ben-Joseph, MD
Date reviewed: October 2012