You may be thinking, "Someday, I'd like to be a parent. How will my cancer treatment affect my ability to have children?"
Chemotherapy, radiation, and other treatments can be very effective at doing their job. But what makes them good at fighting cancer or other illnesses also can cause side effects: As these treatments attack harmful cells, they may affect some healthy cells too.
Your doctor has probably talked about whether you'll have any side effects from your cancer treatment. Side effects like reduced all depend on your diagnosis, the type of treatment you're getting, and the doses of medications or radiation. Everyone is different, so it's best to bring any questions or worries up with your medical team.
Which Treatments Can Affect Fertility?
Your doctor can tell you if there's a chance that cancer treatment might affect your reproductive organs. It helps to be aware of what might happen so you can deal with the possibilities, both physically and emotionally.
Here's how some cancer treatments can affect fertility:
Chemotherapy
Some chemotherapy drugs are more likely to lead to infertility than others. Cytoxan (known generically as cyclophosphamide) is part of a group of chemo drugs called alkylating agents. These are more likely to affect the reproductive organs when given at higher doses.
Other chemotherapy drugs and combinations of drugs also may affect your fertility. Because there are so many different chemotherapy drugs, it's best to ask your doctor or nurse if the drugs you are taking put you at risk for fertility problems.
Sometimes, medications are used to put the "to rest" during chemotherapy, so that they may be less likely to be damaged during treatment.
Radiation Treatments
Radiation treatments also can damage sperm and eggs, whether they are aimed directly or scattered. If radiation is focused on or near the pelvic area, it can damage a girl's ovaries or reduce sperm count in guys. These changes may gradually go away after treatment is stopped, but can be permanent.
Depending on the type and target area of treatment, it may be possible to shield the testes or ovaries from damage, or even move the ovaries out of the path of radiation (this is called transposition).
Some cancer treatments involve radiation to the head as a way to kill cancer cells that may be in the central nervous system. Sometimes this can injure the parts of the brain (and the pituitary gland) that make hormones that control puberty and the menstrual cycle. If that happens, doctors can give these hormones to a patient so he or she can have normal pubertal development, sexual function, and fertility.
Surgery
For patients who need surgery for cancer, doctors may sometimes need to remove part of the reproductive organs. It all depends on where the cancer is.
Getting the Facts
Start by asking your doc lots of questions. Don't hesitate to raise any concerns. Above all, don't worry that fertility isn't a topic for your doctor. It may seem like your doc is focused only on getting rid of the cancer. But getting better is about more than just killing cancer cells. Your future quality of life is part of the healing process.
Ask your doctor about all your options. Then come up with a plan together. If you don't feel comfortable talking to your doctor about fertility, find someone on your medical team — like a nurse or social worker — to talk to instead.
Options for Preserving Fertility
In some cases, it may be possible to preserve (or "bank") some of your sperm or eggs. The technical term for this process is cryopreservation, and it happens in a special facility that can freeze and save sperm, eggs, or ovarian tissue. When you're ready to have children, your sperm or eggs can be unfrozen and used to try to have a baby.
For males, sperm banking has been around for a long time and is a pretty common procedure, although not all hospitals offer it. You may have to go to a clinic that specializes in sperm banking.
For younger teens and boys, a more experimental procedure called sperm aspiration may be possible. This process removes immature sperm cells for later use in in vitro fertilization (which means that the sperm is used to fertilize the egg outside of the woman's uterus and the fertilized embryo is then transferred to uterus). Talk to your doctor about your options.
For females, it's a little trickier. Doctors can attempt to freeze eggs or ovarian tissue, but many of the techniques are still experimental and not all hospitals or clinics have access to the technology. Ask your doctor about the options available for you.
In some situations, your doctor may tell you that it isn't a good idea to bank your sperm or eggs, because using them later could put you at risk of re-introducing cancer cells into your body.
Dealing With Feelings
Build a positive self-image. It's normal for people — even adults — to be afraid of the side effects that go with cancer treatment. Such feelings can be particularly difficult for teens. Coping with the side effects of cancer treatment at a time when you're developing your own identity can make everything seem even more complicated.
Sexuality is an important part of a person's identity (even if you're not yet ready to have sex). But sexuality has little to do with fertility. People who can't have kids are just as feminine or masculine as people who can. And fertility has nothing to do with a person's ability to give and receive love. In fact, some cancer survivors develop qualities that may make them more attractive to others, like a greater passion for life and the desire to make the most of their experiences.
Find support. You're not alone. Other teens have gone through what you're feeling now, and you can connect and share experiences through online networks and cancer blogs. It also may help to find a support group or counselor who can help you work through the feelings you're bound to have during your treatment.
Stay positive. Many people who were told that cancer treatments could lead to infertility have gone on to have children. Others go on to become parents through adoption or other methods. By thinking about the many different options for parenthood, you can be realistic and positive at the same time. Planning for the future helps you heal. And, if you are having sex, you'll still need to use condoms to protect against HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Right now, you're focused on recovering — and on the treatments that can save your life. But it's also natural to think about your future. Talk to your health care team, parents, and friends about your options, your plans, and your feelings.
Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.